What are the parts of a staircase called?

For architects, builders, and interior designers, understanding the various parts of a staircase is essential. Whether you’re commissioning bespoke handrails for a grand staircase in a luxury home or designing a space-saving solution in a modern office, knowing the terminology and function of each component is crucial to achieving both aesthetic appeal and structural integrity.

In this post, we’ll explore the key parts of a staircase, from the basic treads and risers to more intricate elements like volutes and balustrades. By the end, you’ll have a comprehensive understanding of how each part contributes to the overall design and functionality of staircases, helping you make informed decisions in your projects.

Basic components of a staircase 

1. Treads

Treads are the horizontal components of a staircase that you step on whilst ascending or descending. They play a crucial role in the usability and safety of a staircase, providing a surface for foot traffic. The material chosen for treads significantly impacts both the aesthetics and durability of the staircase.

2. Risers

Risers are the vertical components of a staircase that connect each tread to the next, forming the front of each step. Risers contribute to the overall height of the staircase and help enclose the space beneath each tread.

3. Stringers

Stringers are the inclined supports that run along each side of a staircase, providing the structural framework for treads and risers. They are critical to the staircase’s stability and overall strength.

Closed stringers have a solid face, with the treads and risers fitted into routed slots. Closed stringers offer a cleaner, more polished appearance, as the side of the staircase is completely enclosed. This type is often used in traditional or formal residential staircases. 

On the other hand, in open stringers, the treads and risers are visible from the side – creating a more modern and visually lighter look. These are common in contemporary or minimalist designs and are often used in commercial settings where a more open aesthetic is desired.

Stringers will vary, depending on the type of balustrade (mentioned below) fitted to them. For example, our minimum suggested width for a stringer would be 40mm if using steel spindles, without newel posts.

Additional structural elements of a staircase

4. Nosing

Nosing refers to the front edge of a stair tread that extends slightly beyond the riser beneath it. It is a crucial element in staircase design, primarily serving to enhance safety and comfort.

Nosing helps to increase the surface area of the tread, providing more room for the foot to step on, which reduces the risk of slipping. The protrusion also creates a more secure edge, improving grip and stability. In addition to preventing slips, nosing is often designed with anti-slip features, such as textured surfaces or non-slip materials, to further enhance safety.

5. Landing

A landing is a flat, horizontal platform within a staircase that interrupts the continuous run of treads and risers. It is an essential feature in staircase design, particularly in multi-story buildings.

Landings are strategically placed at points where the staircase changes direction, or at intervals within a long flight of stairs. This placement helps to break up the climb, offering a resting point for users and reducing the risk of fatigue-related accidents. Landings are often used at the top or bottom to transition into the next section of the staircase or to connect with hallways or corridors.

6. Handrail

The handrail, also known as the bannister, is a horizontal or sloped rail designed to be grasped by the hand for support whilst ascending or descending stairs.

Handrails are vital for maintaining balance and preventing falls on stairs. They provide a steadying influence for people using the staircase, especially for those who are elderly, disabled, or carrying heavy loads. In emergency situations, such as evacuations, handrails help guide people safely down the stairs, making them an essential safety feature in both commercial and residential buildings.

However, beyond safety, handrails are often seen as the biggest piece of furniture in the home. When designed correctly, the continuous feel of a handrail draws the eye to the flow of the staircase and can enhance the overall aesthetic of the space – whether you’re installing a traditional timber handrail or a more modern metal piece. This is often why many lean to bespoke handrails in the staircase design. 

7. Balusters

Balusters, also known as spindles, are the vertical posts that support the handrail and help enclose the sides of a staircase, typically made of wood or metal. They play a dual role in ensuring safety and contributing to the aesthetic appeal of the staircase.

Balusters are essential for preventing falls, especially for children and pets, by filling the space between the handrail and the treads. They also contribute to the overall stability of the handrail.

Aesthetic and safety features found in staircases

8. Newel post

The newel post is a prominent wooden or metal vertical post found at the top or bottom of many staircases, or at the points where the staircase changes direction. It can serve as both structural support and as a decorative element in staircase design, especially if the overall staircase or balustrade design has no steel reinforcement elsewhere.

When required, newel posts play a crucial role in the stability of the staircase. They anchor the handrail and the balusters, providing the necessary support to keep the entire staircase assembly secure. The strength and placement of newel posts are vital to the safety and durability of the staircase. At points where the staircase turns or transitions to a landing, the newel post helps distribute the load and adds structural integrity to the design.

Newel posts are often designed as the focal point of a staircase, with intricate carvings, unique shapes, or decorative caps that enhance the overall aesthetic. They can reflect the architectural style of the home; whether it be timber and traditional, or metal and modern, or transitional.

9. Skirting

Skirting, also known as baseboard, is the moulding or trim that runs along the wall at the base of the staircase. It serves both functional and aesthetic purposes, contributing to the finished look of the stairs whilst protecting the walls.

Skirting helps create a clean, polished transition between the staircase and the wall. It covers the joint where the wall meets the stairs, concealing any gaps or imperfections and giving the staircase a more refined appearance. Skirting can also be customised to match the style of the staircase and the room’s decor, such as custom curved skirting for a curved staircase. 

In addition to its aesthetic role, skirting protects walls from damage caused by foot traffic, furniture, or other impacts. It acts as a barrier, preventing scuffs, dents, and scratches from affecting the lower part of the wall. Skirting is particularly important in high-traffic areas, such as near the bottom of stairs, where walls are more susceptible to damage. It also makes it easier to clean and maintain the area, as it reduces the need for frequent wall repairs or repainting.

10. Built-in lighting

Built-in lighting is a critical feature in staircase design, enhancing both safety and ambiance. Properly illuminated stairs reduce the risk of accidents and contribute to the overall atmosphere of the space.

Safety is the primary concern when it comes to stair lighting. Well-lit stairs help prevent trips and falls, especially in low-light conditions or at night. Built-in lighting ensures that each step is clearly visible, reducing the likelihood of missteps.

Beyond safety, built-in lighting can create a welcoming ambiance. It adds warmth and depth to the staircase, making it not only functional, but also a visually appealing feature of the home or building.

Further specialised stair parts to consider 

11. Winders

Winders are a type of stair tread that are triangular or pie-shaped, used in place of a landing to allow a staircase to change direction, typically in a spiral or curved staircase.

Winders are an efficient solution in staircases where space is limited and a landing would consume too much room. They allow the staircase to turn a corner without needing additional square footage, making them ideal for small residential properties or tight spaces. In traditional designs, winders might be used to create elegant, sweeping staircases that curve gracefully, whilst in modern spaces, they offer a practical means of fitting stairs into a compact layout.

12. Bullnose step

The bullnose step is a type of stair tread that has a rounded, protruding edge. It is commonly used as the first step in a staircase or where the tread extends beyond the stringer. 

The bullnose step is often used in high-traffic areas because of its durability and stylish appearance. The rounded edge provides a smooth, finished look that can soften the transition between the tread and riser.

Bullnose steps are popular in residential settings, particularly at the base of the staircase where it can create a welcoming entrance. In commercial buildings, they are used where both aesthetics and safety are priorities, as the rounded edge reduces the likelihood of damage and injury.

13. Volute

A volute is a decorative spiral or scroll-shaped element, sometimes known as a ‘monkey tail’, that is often found at the end of a handrail in a staircase – particularly in high-end or traditional designs.

The volute adds a sense of continuity and flow to the staircase, as the spiral shape naturally guides the eye upward along the handrail. It contributes to the overall aesthetic, making the staircase appear more cohesive and polished.

14. Turnout

A turnout is a decorative extension of the handrail that curves outward at the end, creating an elegant flare – also found in high-end and traditional staircase designs.

The turnout adds an element of refinement to the staircase, softening the transition between the handrail and the post. It makes the staircase appear more inviting and can give the space a more traditional or classical look.

15. Balustrade 

A balustrade is the complete assembly of handrails (or bannisters) and balusters (or spindles), and occasionally newel posts, that run along the side of a staircase or balcony – providing both safety and decorative appeal. Though most commonly timber, balustrades can be made from a wide variety of materials, including steel and wrought iron. 

The balustrade plays a crucial role in defining the character and visual impact of the staircase. A well-designed balustrade can transform a staircase from a simple functional element into a stunning architectural centrepiece.

Our bespoke balustrades, made with custom handrails and spindles, are designed, manufactured and pre-finished before site installation – meaning that they do not need to be welded or assembled once they arrive at the property. 

16. Wreathing handrail 

A wreathing handrail is made with complex handrail components, which allow it to turn in two different directions at the same time whilst it moves along the staircase. 

This bespoke type of handrail is often found on curved staircases, enhancing the graceful curves and sweeping aesthetic of their design. You may also choose to install a wreathing handrail at the top and bottom of any other staircase design, to smoothly transition the end of the handrail’s continuous journey – in lieu of a sharp stop or newel post.  

Common staircase styles

Straight staircase

Straight staircases are the most basic and common type of staircase, characterised by a single, linear flight of stairs without any turns or changes in direction.

The straightforward design of a straight staircase makes it easy to use and understand. Its linear form is highly functional, allowing for direct and unobstructed movement between two floors.

Straight staircases are relatively simple to design and build, which can reduce construction time and costs. They require fewer materials and less labour, compared to more complex staircase designs, making them a practical choice for both residential and commercial projects.

L-shaped staircase

L-shaped staircases, also known as quarter-turn stairs, have a design that changes direction, typically at a 90-degree angle, forming an “L” shape.

L-shaped staircases are excellent for optimising space, particularly in homes or buildings with limited floor area. The 90-degree turn allows the staircase to fit into corners, making efficient use of available space without extending too far into a room.

The change in direction adds an element of visual interest to the staircase, making it more dynamic and engaging than a straight staircase. This design can also create opportunities for additional architectural features, such as landings or open spaces beneath the stairs, enhancing the overall aesthetic of the interior.

U-shaped staircase

U-shaped staircases, also known as half-turn stairs, consist of two parallel flights of stairs connected by a landing, forming a “U” shape.

U-shaped staircases are well-suited to larger spaces, where their expansive design can make a bold architectural statement. The landing between the two flights provides a natural break, which can make the staircase easier to navigate – especially in taller buildings.

The landing in a U-shaped staircase serves as a resting point, which can be particularly beneficial in buildings with multiple floors. This design also allows for better separation between different areas of a home or commercial space, as the landing can create distinct zones or transitions within the layout.

Spiral staircase

Spiral staircases feature a helical design, where the treads wrap around a central post – creating a compact, circular staircase that spirals upward.

Spiral staircases are renowned for their space-saving design. They occupy a much smaller footprint compared to other types of staircases, making them ideal for tight spaces or areas where a traditional staircase would not fit.

Due to their compact nature, spiral staircases are often used in small homes, lofts, or areas with limited floor space, such as attics or mezzanines. They are also popular in outdoor applications, like accessing rooftop terraces or garden spaces.

Curved staircase

Curved staircases are designed with a graceful, sweeping arc, rather than sharp angles, creating an elegant, flowing transition between floors.

Curved staircases are often seen as a statement piece in grand homes or commercial buildings. Their smooth, continuous curve adds a sense of fluidity and sophistication to the space – making them an ideal choice for creating a dramatic entrance or focal point.

Curved staircases are typically used in luxury residences, hotels, or other high-end commercial projects where aesthetics are a priority. Their custom design can be tailored to match the architectural style of the building, often featuring elaborate railings, high-end materials, and intricate detailing to enhance their visual impact.

When it comes to bespoke handrails and balustrades, we’re the experts. Contact us today for industry-leading advice or to book a consultation, or explore more information on our blog.